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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan

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Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
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Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Novel In Vivo Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging Techniques for Assessing the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Novel In Vivo Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging Techniques for Assessing the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Published on: March 24, 2023

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

M C Hjelkrem¹, D M Torres, S A Harrison

¹Internal Medicine Services, McDonald Army Health Center, Fort Eustis, VA, USA.

|November 27, 2008

Summary

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing global health issue, linked to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Its progression varies, with some forms potentially leading to severe liver damage and cancer.

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Metabolic Diseases
Gastroenterology

Background:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition worldwide.
It is characterized by hepatic steatosis and recognized as a manifestation of metabolic syndrome.
NAFLD is associated with increased insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
To discuss the incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, and histologic spectrum of NAFLD.
To review the natural history, pathogenesis, clinical course, and current treatment strategies for NAFLD.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on NAFLD.
Analysis of epidemiological data regarding NAFLD incidence and prevalence.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Discussion of diagnostic criteria, including liver biopsy considerations.

Examination of the clinical course based on histologic subtypes.

Main Results:

NAFLD prevalence is increasing globally, correlating with rising insulin resistance.
The disease spectrum ranges from simple steatosis with a benign prognosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
NASH can progress to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusions:

NAFLD is a significant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality.
The clinical course and prognosis of NAFLD depend heavily on its histologic subtype.
While no standardized treatment exists, numerous therapeutic approaches are under investigation.