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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
12:34

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples

Published on: July 6, 2014

HIV and the menopause.

Maria D Fan1, Bat-Sheva Maslow, Nanette Santoro

  • 1Professor and Director, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertilty, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Mazer 314, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

Menopause International
|November 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV-infected women are now surviving to menopause due to effective treatments. Research indicates HIV impacts menopause timing, symptoms, and associated health conditions like bone density and cardiovascular disease.

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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
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Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
12:34

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples

Published on: July 6, 2014

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
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Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Geriatric Medicine

Background:

  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved survival for people with HIV.
  • An aging HIV population means more infected women are reaching menopause.
  • Limited research exists on menopause in HIV-infected women and HIV in menopausal women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on menopause in HIV-infected women.
  • To discuss common postmenopausal conditions affected by HIV.
  • To inform clinicians about HIV's role in menopause-aged women's care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research.
  • Synthesis of findings on HIV's impact on menopause.
  • Analysis of age-related interactions and lifestyle factors.

Main Results:

  • HIV-infected women may experience earlier menopause with increased symptoms and altered hormone profiles.
  • HIV infection can affect bone mineral density, cardiovascular health, and cognition in postmenopausal women.
  • Lifestyle and demographic factors significantly influence both HIV progression and menopausal experiences.

Conclusions:

  • HIV significantly impacts the menopausal process and postmenopausal health.
  • Clinicians must consider HIV status when managing menopause-aged women.
  • Further research is crucial to understand and manage these complex interactions.