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Related Concept Videos

Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

Stress: General Loading Conditions

To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes.
Stress Concentrations01:13

Stress Concentrations

The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress concentration...
Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller width...
Stress on an Oblique Plane01:16

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Understanding stress on an oblique plane under axial loading is pivotal in material mechanics. This analysis offers insight into a material's durability and strength, which is crucial for civil engineering and structural design. Axial loading refers to force application along the material's central axis, causing compression or elongation and leading to normal stress. Normal stress occurs when a force acts perpendicularly to the material's area, resulting in compressive or tensile stress. When...
Principal Stresses01:24

Principal Stresses

The graphical depiction of normal and shearing stress equations is represented by a circle, demonstrating the interplay between these stresses under different angular conditions. The center of this circle C, located on the vertical axis, represents the average normal stress, while its radius shows the range of stress variations. At points A and B, where the circle intersects the horizontal axis, the maximum and minimum normal stresses are observed, occurring without shearing stress. These...
Stress01:20

Stress

When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...

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Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro
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Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Published on: March 21, 2015

Lighting up the stressed ER.

Sang-Wook Kang1, Ramanujan S Hegde

  • 1National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Cell
|December 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used a special fluorescent protein to watch the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in yeast. This helped them understand how the ER handles protein production and maturation during stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is vital for cellular function.
  • Protein maturation and protein flux must be balanced within the ER.
  • The ER's internal environment plays a key role in these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic response of the ER environment to cellular perturbations.
  • To develop and utilize a novel method for monitoring ER redox state in living cells.
  • To understand how ER homeostasis is maintained under varying conditions of protein load.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a genetically encoded redox-sensitive fluorescent protein (roGFP) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast).
  • Employed live-cell imaging techniques to monitor ER redox potential.
  • Introduced specific perturbations to alter protein flux and ER stress.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated real-time changes in the ER redox environment in response to different perturbations.
  • Correlated changes in ER redox state with the capacity for protein maturation.
  • Provided insights into the adaptive mechanisms of the ER.

Conclusions:

  • The ER redox environment is a dynamic parameter that responds to protein flux.
  • Monitoring ER redox state offers a valuable approach to study ER homeostasis.
  • This study illuminates the ER's ability to adapt and maintain function under stress.