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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Twenty years' experience with post-Chernobyl thyroid cancer.

Dillwyn Williams1

  • 1Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. dillwyn@srl.cam.ac.uk

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|December 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The Chernobyl nuclear accident caused a significant increase in childhood thyroid cancer, particularly papillary carcinomas. Infants exposed showed the highest susceptibility, with risk decreasing rapidly with age at exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Safety and Environmental Health
  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The Chernobyl disaster resulted in a massive release of radioactive isotopes, notably iodine-131.
  • A subsequent rise in thyroid cancer incidence, primarily papillary carcinomas in children, was observed in highly contaminated regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the long-term impact of Chernobyl-related radioactive exposure on thyroid cancer incidence and characteristics.
  • To identify factors influencing susceptibility to radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Epidemiological analysis of thyroid cancer cases in affected populations.
  • Correlation of cancer incidence with age at exposure, radiation dose, and other contributing factors.

Main Results:

  • A sustained increase in thyroid cancer, especially in children exposed under age one, with evolving tumor pathology over time.
  • Highest susceptibility observed in infants, with risk diminishing significantly in older children and adults.
  • Factors such as radiation dose, iodine deficiency, and genetic predisposition influence thyroid cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • Chernobyl's legacy includes a substantial burden of radiation-induced thyroid cancer, particularly in the most vulnerable age groups.
  • Long-term monitoring is crucial to understand evolving tumor characteristics and potential future trends.
  • Understanding susceptibility factors is key for targeted prevention and management strategies.