Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Stem Cell Niche01:26

Stem Cell Niche

The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sustained efficacy and long-term outcomes of autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet transplantation for pediatric esophageal anastomotic restenosis.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

The Expression of Placental 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Genes Is Associated with the Elevation of Active Androgens and Estrogens in Pregnant Women, but Does Not Affect 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

In-utero cell transplantation for hypophosphatasia with gene-edited hESC-derived MSCs in a murine model.

Molecular therapy. Advances·2026
Same author

The feasibility of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cartilage for tracheoplasty.

Regenerative therapy·2025
Same author

Generation of implant-type tissue-engineered cartilage from human embryonic stem cell-derived chondrocytes.

Regenerative therapy·2025
Same author

Stable and functional human intestinal epithelium derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals·2025
Same journal

[The frontier of adipocyte biology, cold environment induces thermogenic genes via epigenomic switch.]

Clinical calcium·2019
Same journal

[Sequential treatment of osteoporosis with anti-sclerostin.]

Clinical calcium·2019
Same journal

[The sequential therapy of romosozumab followed by denosumab for osteoporosis.]

Clinical calcium·2019
Same journal

[Wnt signaling in myeloma.]

Clinical calcium·2019
Same journal

[Fate decision of hematopoietic stem cells by Wnt signaling.]

Clinical calcium·2019
Same journal

[Control of inflammatory bone destruction by targeting the Wnt signaling pathway.]

Clinical calcium·2019
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:10

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: June 19, 2017

[Osteogenesis and chondrogenesis from a stem cell source].

Akihiro Umezawa1, Hidenori Akutsu

  • 1National Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology.

Clinical Calcium
|December 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoblasts and chondrocytes are key for bone and cartilage regeneration. Alternative stem cells like ES, iPS, and GS cells offer new options, balancing clinical benefits and risks.

More Related Videos

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity
08:30

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity

Published on: February 24, 2017

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
06:05

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Published on: July 14, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:10

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: June 19, 2017

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity
08:30

Chondrogenic Differentiation Induction of Adipose-derived Stem Cells by Centrifugal Gravity

Published on: February 24, 2017

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
06:05

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Tissue engineering

Context:

  • Bone and cartilage regeneration are critical areas in regenerative medicine.
  • Identifying optimal cell sources is essential for successful clinical applications.
  • Current research explores various cell types for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis.

Purpose:

  • To review and compare different cell sources for bone and cartilage regeneration.
  • To evaluate the potential of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, ES cells, iPS cells, and GS cells.
  • To provide a basis for selecting cell sources based on clinical benefit-risk assessments.

Summary:

  • Osteoblasts and chondrocytes are primary cells for bone and cartilage formation, respectively.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells can be utilized with or without in vitro induction.
  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and germline stem (GS) cells represent alternative cell sources for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis.

Impact:

  • Informs the selection of cell sources for bone and cartilage regenerative therapies.
  • Highlights the need for a careful balance between therapeutic benefits and clinical risks.
  • Guides future research in optimizing cell-based strategies for skeletal tissue repair.