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Related Concept Videos

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been developed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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Confocal laser scanning microscopy using a frequency doubled vertical external cavity surface emitting laser.

Elric Esposito1, Stefanie Keatings, Kyle Gardner

  • 1Centre for Biophotonics, SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new frequency-doubled 980 nm laser offers advantages for confocal laser scanning microscopy. This compact, solid-state source provides high-resolution imaging at lower cost and improved reliability compared to traditional lasers.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Laser Technology

Background:

  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a powerful imaging technique.
  • Traditional light sources, such as argon ion lasers, have limitations in terms of cost, reliability, and wavelength flexibility.
  • There is a need for compact, stable, and cost-effective laser sources for CLSM applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a frequency-doubled 980 nm vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) for CLSM.
  • To evaluate the performance of the VECSEL-based system against a standard argon ion laser.
  • To demonstrate the suitability of the VECSEL for imaging biological samples.

Main Methods:

  • Single pass frequency doubling of a 980 nm VECSEL using a potassium niobate (KNbO3) crystal.
  • Characterization of the generated 490 nm output beam quality and power.
  • Comparison of VECSEL performance metrics (beam quality, noise, power) with an argon ion laser.
  • Imaging of fluorescein and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) labeled biological samples.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 1.8 mW of output power at 490 nm with near diffraction-limited beam quality.
  • Demonstrated clear advantages of the solid-state VECSEL over the argon ion laser for confocal imaging.
  • Obtained high-resolution images of biological samples at lower cost and with improved reliability.

Conclusions:

  • The frequency-doubled 980 nm VECSEL is a viable and advantageous alternative to traditional lasers for CLSM.
  • This compact solid-state laser source enhances the cost-effectiveness, reliability, and performance of confocal microscopy.
  • The developed VECSEL system facilitates high-resolution imaging of fluorescently labeled biological specimens.