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Failure Analysis of Batteries Using Synchrotron-based Hard X-ray Microtomography
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High-Resolution Atomic Magnetometer-Based Imaging of Integrated Circuits and Batteries.

Dominic Hunter1, Marcin S Mrozowski1, Stuart J Ingleby1

  • 1Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new optically pumped magnetometer system for high-resolution magnetic imaging, achieving sub-picotesla sensitivity and sub-millimeter resolution for electronic diagnostics.

Keywords:
MEMS scanning mirrorbattery monitoringcesium vaporfree induction decayintegrated circuitsmagnetic eld imagingoptically pumped magnetometerquantum sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Magnetometry
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) offer high sensitivity for magnetic field imaging.
  • Achieving sub-millimeter spatial resolution at sub-picotesla sensitivities (< 1 pT/√Hz) is a significant challenge, especially in finite magnetic fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a high-resolution magnetic imaging system using a free-induction-decay (FID) OPM.
  • To improve spatial resolution and sensitivity for non-invasive diagnostics of electronic circuits and batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of an FID OPM with a two-axis scanning micromirror for automated beam steering.
  • Utilizing a double-pass optical configuration for optimal device positioning and reduced standoff distance (2.7 mm).
  • Experimental validation using printed circuit boards (PCBs) and integrated circuits (ICs).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated sub-millimeter spatial resolution by imaging a PCB with 2 mm spaced copper tracks.
  • Achieved an optimal field sensitivity of 0.5 pT/√Hz.
  • Successfully resolved asymmetries in a bridge rectifier IC and tracked current dynamics in a ceramic battery.

Conclusions:

  • The developed OPM system provides high-resolution magnetic field imaging with excellent sensitivity.
  • The system shows significant potential for non-invasive diagnostics and in situ monitoring of electronic components and energy storage devices.