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Wearable Ultrasound Sensing with Dual Arrays and Machine Learning for Real-Time Tremor Characterization and

Xiangming Xue1, Sunho Moon2, Vidisha Ganesh1

  • 1Lampe Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

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Summary

A new wearable ultrasound sensing system offers precise, low-latency tremor tracking for movement disorders. This technology enables faster development of personalized stimulation strategies for conditions like Parkinson's Disease and Essential Tremor.

Keywords:
Afferent stimulationBiomedical signal processingMachine learningTremor frequency estimationWearable ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Wearable Technology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Accurate tremor dynamics sensing is crucial for personalized treatment of movement disorders like Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Essential Tremor (ET).
  • Current methods like inertial measurement units (IMUs) and surface electromyography (EMG) have limitations in muscle specificity and are susceptible to artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a Wearable Ultrasound Sensing (WUS) system for precise and time-efficient tremor tracking.
  • To assess the WUS system's performance against existing technologies and evaluate its machine learning pipeline for tissue displacement estimation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a WUS system with dual flexible 64-element transducer arrays for simultaneous antagonist muscle monitoring (FCR and ECR).
  • Implementation of a machine learning (ML) pipeline to estimate tissue displacement (TD) from raw ultrasound signals.
  • Comparative analysis with commercial B-mode and IMU sensors, and evaluation of real-time processing capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The WUS system achieved tremor frequency detection within 10% variation of commercial sensors, meeting statistical equivalence.
  • TD estimation models showed high predictive accuracy (Pearson's r: 0.88-0.97, nRMSE < 10%).
  • The WUS-ML pipeline significantly reduced offline model building time (75% faster) and frame-level latency (from 3700 ms to 17 ms), exceeding 50 Hz processing rates.

Conclusions:

  • The dual-array wearable ultrasound system is feasible for accurate, low-latency tremor tracking.
  • This technology paves the way for advanced closed-loop afferent stimulation systems for movement disorder management.
  • WUS offers a promising, muscle-specific alternative for monitoring tremor dynamics in clinical and home settings.