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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Distance Measurements by Taping01:18

Distance Measurements by Taping

Tapes are essential in surveying for accurate, durable, and short-distance measurements. Made from lightweight, nylon-coated steel, they offer flexibility and strength for rugged outdoor use. The nylon coating protects against rust and wear, extending the tape's life. Standard lengths, around 30 meters, are marked in meters and millimeters for precision.Surveyors select tapes based on site conditions and accuracy needs. Lightweight, nylon-coated tapes are commonly used for ease of handling and...
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Field Application of Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines01:27

Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines

The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx and a shunt capacitance CΔx.
Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys

GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
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Short range travel time geoacoustic inversion with vertical line array.

Yong-Min Jiang, N Ross Chapman, Peter Gerstoft

    The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
    |December 3, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study used travel time geoacoustic inversion to estimate shallow water sediment properties. Results show accurate sediment sound speed and thickness, validated by in situ measurements.

    Area of Science:

    • Ocean acoustics
    • Geophysical inversion
    • Shallow water acoustics

    Background:

    • Accurate characterization of shallow water sediment properties is crucial for underwater acoustic modeling.
    • Previous studies often relied on longer-range data or different inversion techniques.
    • The Shallow Water 2006 experiment provided a valuable dataset for testing acoustic inversion methods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform geoacoustic inversion of broadband acoustic data using travel time methods.
    • To determine sediment sound speed and thickness in a shallow water environment.
    • To validate the inversion results against independent measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a ray-tracing method for acoustic propagation modeling.
    • Employed a hybrid optimization algorithm combining differential evolution and downhill simplex.

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  • Inverted ocean sound speed profiles and geometric parameters before sediment properties.
  • Analyzed broadband data collected on a vertical line array at a short range of 230 m.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully inverted for sediment sound speed and thickness.
    • Obtained estimates consistent with in situ measurements.
    • Matched-field inversion results from longer-range data corroborated the findings.
    • Demonstrated the effectiveness of travel time inversion in shallow water environments.

    Conclusions:

    • Travel time geoacoustic inversion is a viable method for characterizing shallow water sediments.
    • Accounting for oceanographic variability improves inversion accuracy.
    • The study provides reliable geoacoustic parameters for the experimental site.