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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
09:14

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Patellar instability.

Alexis Chiang Colvin1, Robin V West

  • 1Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1188, New York, NY 10029, USA. alexis.colvin@gmail.com

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recurrent patellar instability stems from bone or soft tissue issues. Treatment varies from physical therapy and bracing to surgical repair or realignment, depending on the specific abnormalities present.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
09:14

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Recurrent patellar instability is often caused by osseous abnormalities like patella alta and trochlear dysplasia, or soft-tissue issues including medial patellofemoral ligament tears.
  • Nonoperative management involves physical therapy and bracing, while acute interventions address osteochondral fragments or retinacular injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment strategies for recurrent patellar instability.
  • To differentiate surgical indications based on underlying osseous and soft-tissue pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on patellar instability treatment.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes based on patient-specific anatomy and injury patterns.

Main Results:

  • Isolated lateral release is not supported by current literature for patellar instability.
  • Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is an option for patients with normal tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance and patellar height.
  • Distal realignment procedures are indicated for increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance or patella alta, with modifications based on facet arthrosis and patella alta.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment selection for recurrent patellar instability requires careful assessment of osseous and soft-tissue factors.
  • Medial patellar chondrosis contraindicates distal realignment due to the risk of overloading degenerated tissues.