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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Published on: April 30, 2014

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction.

Laura E Keeling^1,2, Andrew J Curley^1,2, Janina Kaarre^2,3

¹Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Inova, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.

Video Journal of Sports Medicine

|May 1, 2025

Summary

Isolated medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction effectively treats recurrent patellar dislocation. This procedure offers high patient satisfaction and a low risk of reoperation, enabling an 84% return to sport rate.

Keywords:

MPFL medial patellofemoral ligament medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction patellar dislocation patellar instability

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Knee Surgery

Background:

Recurrent lateral patellar dislocation is a debilitating condition often linked to medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injury.
Associated pathologies include increased tibial tubercle to trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and trochlear dysplasia.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of isolated MPFL reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation.
To detail the surgical technique using a semitendinosus allograft.

Main Methods:

Isolated MPFL reconstruction is indicated for recurrent patellar instability without other significant anatomic factors.
Key criteria include TT-TG distance <20 mm and normal or Dejour type A trochlear morphology.
The technique involves arthroscopy, allograft preparation, anchor placement, and femoral tunnel drilling with screw fixation.

Main Results:

MPFL reconstruction yields favorable functional and clinical outcomes with high patient satisfaction.
Systematic reviews report an 84% return to sport rate.
Pooled risks of recurrent instability and reoperation are less than 5%.

Conclusions:

Isolated MPFL reconstruction is a viable option for recurrent patellar instability.
It should be considered in patients without other major clinical risk factors.
The procedure demonstrates a low failure rate and high success in restoring knee function.