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Introduction to Functional Groups

Introduction to Functional Groups

Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...

Overview of Functional Groups

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

Published on: September 5, 2018

Hydration of "nonfouling" functional groups.

Jason C Hower¹, Matthew T Bernards, Shengfu Chen

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B

|December 17, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a method to measure how well surface coatings resist protein adsorption, finding that higher water binding capacity leads to better nonfouling performance for biomedical devices.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

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Published on: September 5, 2018

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

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Published on: October 10, 2013

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Surface Chemistry
Biophysics

Background:

Preventing protein adsorption on synthetic materials is crucial for biomedical devices.
Existing nonfouling surfaces are limited in complex environments.
Surface hydration strongly correlates with resistance to protein adsorption.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simple experimental method for evaluating the hydration capacity of surface coating functional groups.
To correlate intrinsic hydration capacity with nonfouling performance.
To identify new nonfouling functional groups for biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

Used partial molal volume at infinite dilution to estimate hydration capacity.
Selected solutes from ethylene glycols, sugar alcohols, and glycine analogues.
Validated water binding using molecular dynamics simulations.
Correlated size-normalized molecular volume with protein adsorption data.

Main Results:

Quantified the intrinsic hydration capacity of various functional groups.
Demonstrated a correlation between hydration capacity and nonfouling ability.
Identified functional groups with high hydration and low protein adsorption.

Conclusions:

The developed method effectively evaluates hydration capacity.
Surface hydration is a key determinant of nonfouling performance.
This work provides insights for designing advanced nonfouling surfaces.