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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy

Published on: November 28, 2025

Location specific radiographic joint space width for osteoarthritis progression.

G Neumann¹, D Hunter, M Nevitt

¹Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage

|December 17, 2008

Summary

Computerized joint space width (JSW) measurements show promise for assessing knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression, particularly in more diseased knees. These location-specific measures may enhance the power of clinical studies evaluating knee OA.

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Published on: September 2, 2025

Area of Science:

Radiology
Osteoarthritis Research
Medical Imaging Analysis

Background:

Assessing medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression relies on radiographic joint space width (JSW) measurements.
Current methods may lack sensitivity in detecting subtle changes, particularly in early-stage disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of location-specific computer-aided JSW measurements against minimum JSW (mJSW) for medial compartment knee OA assessment.
To identify the most responsive joint location for measuring medial compartment JSW in knee OA.

Main Methods:

Serial bilateral posterior-anterior radiographs from 118 knee OA patients (Health, Aging and Body Composition Study) were analyzed.
Semi-automated software measured JSW at seven fixed locations and mJSW, with human verification.
Standardized response mean (SRM) quantified the responsiveness of JSW measures over 36 months.

Main Results:

Location-specific JSW (SRM=0.46) demonstrated slightly better overall responsiveness than mJSW (SRM=0.42).
For mild OA (Kellgren-Lawrence score ≤1), mJSW (SRM=0.40) outperformed location-specific measures (SRM=0.30).
In moderate to severe OA (KL score 2-3), location-specific JSW (SRM=0.74) was significantly more responsive than mJSW (SRM=0.49), with better performance in central joint areas.

Conclusions:

Computerized, location-specific JSW measurements are feasible and offer a potentially superior method for assessing radiographic knee OA, especially in more advanced disease.
This approach may increase the statistical power of clinical trials using fixed-flexion radiography protocols for knee OA.