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X and Y Chromosomes

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...

Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...

Karyotyping

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens

Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens

Published on: June 28, 2018

The YH database: the first Asian diploid genome database.

Guoqing Li¹, Lijia Ma, Chao Song

¹Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen 518083, China.

Nucleic Acids Research

|December 17, 2008

Summary

The YH database provides easy access to the first Asian diploid genome, facilitating personal genomics and the study of genetic variations. This resource supports research in personal medicine by organizing genome data and analysis results.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Bioinformatics
Personalized Medicine

Background:

The first Asian diploid genome data presents a unique resource for understanding human genetic diversity.
Large-scale personal genome data requires effective organization and user-friendly access for research.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the YH database, a platform for browsing and downloading data from the first Asian diploid genome.
To facilitate the study of the Asian genome and the organization of personal genome data.
To enable research into genotype-phenotype relationships and support the development of personal medicine.

Main Methods:

Utilizing GBrowse for visualization of genome sequences, SNPs, and sequencing reads.
Implementing search functionalities by location, dbSNP ID, HGMD ID, gene symbol, and disease name.
Providing a BLAST web service for sequence alignment against the YH genome consensus.

Main Results:

The YH database offers a user-friendly interface for accessing and analyzing Asian diploid genome data.
It integrates genome sequences, SNPs, sequencing reads, and genotype-phenotype relationship information.
A BLAST service is available for sequence comparison.

Conclusions:

The YH database is a valuable resource for genomic research, particularly for the Asian population.
It aids in the organization and analysis of personal genome data, supporting the advancement of personal medicine.
The platform enhances the accessibility of complex genomic information for researchers worldwide.