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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Published on: May 15, 2015

Hydrogen-rich boron-containing materials for hydrogen storage.

Ping Wang¹, Xiang-Dong Kang

¹Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, P. R. China. pingwang@imr.ac.cn

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|December 17, 2008

Summary

Hydrogen storage materials like lithium tetrahydroborate, sodium tetrahydroborate, and ammonia borane show promise for vehicles. Advances in catalysts and regeneration chemistry are key for practical hydrogen fuel applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Energy Storage

Background:

Hydrogen storage is crucial for vehicular applications.
Boron-containing compounds are actively researched for hydrogen storage.
Recent progress includes material discovery, tailoring, and catalyst development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in hydrogen storage materials for transportation.
To highlight key material systems and their potential applications.
To provide an outlook on the forefront of hydrogen storage technologies.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on hydrogen-rich boron-containing compounds.
Analysis of material properties for hydrogen storage.
Discussion of catalytic hydrolysis and regeneration chemistry.

Main Results:

Lithium tetrahydroborate offers high reversible hydrogen capacity.
Sodium tetrahydroborate enables on-demand hydrogen generation via hydrolysis.
Ammonia borane materials show suitable properties for on-board storage with regeneration advances.

Conclusions:

Significant progress has been made in hydrogen storage materials for transportation.
Specific boron-containing compounds show great potential for vehicular hydrogen applications.
Further research in catalysis and regeneration is vital for practical implementation.