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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

Ankle arthrodesis.

Aneel Nihal¹, Richard E Gellman, John M Embil

¹Southside Health Service District, Logan Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

|December 17, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ankle fusion techniques have evolved, with modern methods achieving over 85% fusion rates. Complex cases may benefit from multiplanar external fixation for successful ankle joint fusion.

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$Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus$

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

$Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus$

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Surgical techniques
Ankle joint reconstruction

Background:

Ankle arthrodesis (fusion) techniques have evolved significantly since initial descriptions.
External fixation dominated early ankle fusion methods (1950s-1970s).
Internal fixation and arthroscopic techniques emerged later, expanding treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical development and current status of ankle arthrodesis techniques.
To highlight the efficacy of various surgical approaches for ankle fusion.
To discuss management strategies for complex ankle arthrodesis cases.

Main Methods:

Review of historical and contemporary ankle arthrodesis surgical techniques.
Analysis of fixation methods including external, internal, and arthroscopic approaches.
Consideration of adjuncts like bone grafting for complex reconstructions.

Main Results:

Fusion rates exceeding 85% are reported in recent studies.
Open techniques remain relevant for severe ankle deformities.
Multiplanar external fixation (e.g., Ilizarov device) shows promise for complex cases like nonunion, bone loss, Charcot arthropathy, or infection.

Conclusions:

Ankle arthrodesis encompasses a range of techniques tailored to deformity severity and complexity.
Successful fusion rates are generally high, but influenced by factors such as infection and nonunion.
Advanced fixation methods offer solutions for challenging ankle fusion scenarios.