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Related Concept Videos

Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

[Xerosis: a dysfunction of the epidermal barrier].

D Barco1, A Giménez-Arnau

  • 1Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.

Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas
|December 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Xerosis, or dry skin, is a common condition affecting many people. Treatment focuses on restoring skin lipids and improving skin cell differentiation to combat dryness and scaling.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Skin Physiology

Context:

  • Xerosis (dry skin) is a prevalent skin condition affecting the general population.
  • It presents clinically with rough, scaly, and itchy skin.
  • Dry skin can occur independently or alongside dermatoses like atopic dermatitis.

Purpose:

  • To outline the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of xerosis.
  • To define the therapeutic goals for managing dry skin.

Summary:

  • Pathophysiologically, xerosis involves a compromised stratum corneum, dehydration, and impaired keratinocyte differentiation.
  • Clinical signs include skin roughness, scaling, and itchiness.

Impact:

  • Effective xerosis treatment requires restoring epidermal lipids and promoting keratinocyte differentiation.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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Establishment of A Mouse Model of Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye
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Establishment of A Mouse Model of Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin
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Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

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  • Understanding these mechanisms aids in developing targeted therapies for dry skin conditions.