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High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity
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Focal electrically administered therapy: device parameter effects on stimulus perception in humans.

Jeffrey J Borckardt1, Katherine J Linder, Raffaella Ricci

  • 1Psychiatry Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. borckard@musc.edu

The Journal of ECT
|December 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

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Stimulus parameters like intensity, electrode size, and current direction significantly alter the perceived location and intensity of scalp pain during focal electrical brain stimulation. These findings offer insights into optimizing transcranial electrical stimulation protocols.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Focal electrically administered therapy is a novel transcranial electrical stimulation technique.
  • Limited understanding exists on how stimulus parameters influence intracortical stimulation patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of varying stimulation parameters on subjective perception of scalp pain quality and location.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies involved 19 subjects receiving random electrical stimulation over the left forehead.
  • Parameters varied included anode-cathode arrangement, intensity, electrode size/placement, and current direction (unidirectional/bidirectional).
  • Subjects reported on the perceived location and quality of sensations.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Published on: September 26, 2025

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  • Perceived stimulation center shifted towards the cathode, especially with unidirectional current.
  • Higher intensity and smaller electrodes increased perceived pain.
  • Unidirectional current direction influenced pain intensity based on anode-to-cathode size ratio.
  • Higher intensity correlated with a stronger perception of stimulation directionality.

    • Conclusions:

    • Stimulation intensity and perceived location are controllable by adjusting intensity, current direction, and electrode geometry.
    • Findings contribute to understanding basic principles of focal electrical stimulation.