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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

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Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper
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Poly(acrylamide) functionalized chitosan: an efficient adsorbent for azo dyes from aqueous solutions.

Vandana Singh1, Ajit Kumar Sharma, Rashmi Sanghi

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India. singhvandanasingh@rediffmail.com

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|December 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized chitosan-graft-poly(acrylamide) (Ch-g-PAM) synthesis for efficient azo dye removal. The novel copolymer effectively decolorizes industrial wastewater and demonstrates high reusability over ten cycles.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Chitosan (Ch) is a biopolymer with pH-dependent adsorption properties.
  • Azo dyes are common industrial pollutants requiring effective removal methods.
  • Grafting poly(acrylamide) onto chitosan can enhance its properties for dye removal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize the synthesis of chitosan-graft-poly(acrylamide) (Ch-g-PAM) using persulfate/ascorbic acid initiation.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of Ch-g-PAM in removing azo dyes from aqueous solutions.
  • To investigate the adsorption mechanism, kinetics, and thermodynamics of dye removal by Ch-g-PAM.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of Ch-g-PAM synthesis parameters including monomer, initiator, and chitosan concentrations, and reaction temperature.
  • Dye adsorption experiments using Remazol violet and Procion yellow dyes.
  • Adsorption isotherm modeling (Langmuir and Freundlich), kinetic studies (pseudo-second-order), and thermodynamic analysis.

Main Results:

  • Optimized Ch-g-PAM synthesis yielded a water-insoluble copolymer.
  • Ch-g-PAM demonstrated efficient removal of Remazol violet and Procion yellow dyes over a broad pH range (3-8).
  • Adsorption followed Langmuir isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetics, with spontaneous and endothermic adsorption characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized Ch-g-PAM is a highly effective and reusable adsorbent for azo dyes, outperforming unmodified chitosan.
  • The copolymer shows promise for treating real industrial wastewater, despite minor hindrance from interfering ions.
  • Ch-g-PAM exhibits excellent regeneration efficiency over multiple cycles, highlighting its economic viability for wastewater treatment.