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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Lower facial contouring with botulinum toxin type A.

Gianpaolo Tartaro1, Raffaele Rauso, Mario Santagata

  • 1Department of Head and Neck Pathology, Oral Cavity and Audio-Verbal Communication, 2nd University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|December 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Botulinum toxin type A injections offer a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for masseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH). This method achieved high patient and physician satisfaction for facial contouring.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Medical Aesthetics
  • Neurology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is widely used for various medical conditions.
  • BoNT applications include strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm.
  • Masseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH) is an indication for BoNT type A for facial contouring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A for treating masseter muscle hypertrophy.
  • To assess patient and physician satisfaction with BoNT treatment for lower facial contouring.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of 5 patients diagnosed with masseter muscle hypertrophy.
  • Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin type A into the masseter muscles.

Main Results:

  • High levels of patient satisfaction reported post-treatment.
  • High levels of physician satisfaction reported post-treatment.
  • Successful lower facial contouring achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective noninvasive treatment option for MMH.
  • BoNT offers a valuable therapeutic approach for individuals seeking facial contouring due to masseter hypertrophy.