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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...

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Related Experiment Videos

[Polymyalgia rheumatica].

C Duftner1, C Dejaco, M Schirmer

  • 1Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Klagenfurt.

Der Internist
|December 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is an inflammatory disease affecting older adults. While imaging aids diagnosis, corticosteroids are standard treatment despite side effects, and the efficacy of immunosuppressants remains unclear.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory condition impacting middle-aged and older individuals.
  • The exact cause of PMR is currently unknown.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms, but imaging can support it in challenging cases.

Purpose:

  • To review the diagnostic support offered by imaging techniques in polymyalgia rheumatica.
  • To discuss the established treatment of PMR with corticosteroids and its associated adverse events.
  • To examine the unresolved question regarding the efficacy of immunosuppressants in PMR therapy.

Summary:

  • Imaging modalities like sonography and MRI can reveal characteristic inflammatory lesions, aiding PMR diagnosis.
  • Corticosteroids are the primary treatment for PMR, but over half of patients experience adverse effects from long-term use.
  • The effectiveness of immunosuppressants, including methotrexate and TNF-alpha inhibitors, for PMR treatment is not yet definitively established.

Impact:

  • Highlights the role of advanced imaging in diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica.
  • Underscores the significant burden of corticosteroid side effects in PMR management.
  • Identifies a critical knowledge gap concerning alternative immunosuppressive therapies for PMR.