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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
12:18

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Zirconium oxidation on the atomic scale.

Daniel Hudson1, Alfred Cerezo, George D W Smith

  • 1Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK. daniel.hudson@materials.ox.ac.uk

Ultramicroscopy
|December 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied zirconium oxidation using 3D atom probe, revealing a non-protective ZrO layer and ZrH phase. This finding is crucial for understanding nuclear fuel cladding performance and efficiency.

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Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods
06:39

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Published on: September 14, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
12:18

Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

Published on: June 27, 2022

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods
06:39

Aerosol-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Structures: Zinc Oxide Rods

Published on: September 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Zirconium alloys are vital nuclear fuel cladding due to mechanical strength and low neutron absorption.
  • Oxidation by coolant limits fuel burn-up efficiency, necessitating a deeper understanding of these mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the initial oxidation mechanisms of commercially pure zirconium.
  • To characterize the oxide layer formed during early-stage oxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 3D atom probe (3DAP) with voltage and laser pulsing for high-resolution elemental analysis.
  • Conducted a kinetic study of room-temperature oxidation for up to one hour.

Main Results:

  • Identified an initial ZrO(1-x) layer, a few nanometers thick, under light oxidation conditions.
  • Observed hydrogen segregation at the metal-oxide interface and the formation of a distinct ZrH phase.
  • The ZrO layer was found to be non-protective during the investigated time frame.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a previously uncharacterized initial zirconium oxide phase (ZrO(1-x)).
  • The observed ZrO layer does not provide significant protection against oxidation in the short term.
  • Findings advance the understanding of zirconium oxidation relevant to nuclear fuel performance.