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Related Concept Videos

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition

Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of disassembly and...
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Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
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Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.The Golgi apparatus is a major sorting and dispatch station for the products of the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter...
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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Investigating Receptor-ligand Systems of the Cellulosome with AFM-based Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy
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Investigating Receptor-ligand Systems of the Cellulosome with AFM-based Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: December 20, 2013

From cellulosomes to cellulosomics.

Edward A Bayer1, Raphael Lamed, Bryan A White

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Ed.Bayer@weizmann.ac.il

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|December 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellulosomes, complex enzyme systems from bacteria like Clostridium thermocellum, efficiently break down plant cellulose. Research has evolved from discovery to global collaboration on cellulosome genomics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cellulosomes are large enzymatic complexes from cellulolytic bacteria, crucial for degrading plant biomass.
  • The first cellulosome was identified in Clostridium thermocellum, a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium.
  • These systems utilize unique cohesin-dockerin interactions for assembling enzyme components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical account of cellulosome discovery and research evolution.
  • To describe the identification and investigation of diverse cellulosome systems.
  • To highlight global collaborative efforts in cellulosome genomics and metagenomics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical research and publications on cellulosomes.
  • Comparative analysis of different bacterial cellulosome systems.
  • Genomic and metagenomic approaches to study cellulosome diversity.

Main Results:

  • The discovery of cellulosomes and their fundamental role in cellulose degradation.
  • Identification of various cellulosome architectures across different bacterial species.
  • Advancements in understanding cellulosome organization and function through genomics.

Conclusions:

  • Cellulosome research has progressed significantly since its inception.
  • International collaboration is key to advancing cellulosome genomics and metagenomics.
  • Cellulosomes represent a promising area for biotechnology and biofuel applications.