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Related Concept Videos

Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

Dynamic switching between semantic and episodic memory systems.

Kristiina Kompus1, Carl-Johan Olsson, Anne Larsson

  • 1Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. kristiina.kompus@physiol.umu.se

Neuropsychologia
|December 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows memory retrieval flexibility. Early processes determine if semantic memory suffices; if not, cognitive control shifts to episodic memory retrieval.

More Related Videos

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Long-term memory retrieval may involve interactions between episodic and semantic systems.
  • Memory strength is hypothesized to differentially engage these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the flexibility of memory retrieval.
  • To examine how different memory strengths influence retrieval processes.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy volunteers underwent extensive pre-training on face-name pairs.
  • A subset of items was shown only once.
  • An event-related fMRI study assessed memory retrieval after a 3-month delay.

Main Results:

  • Items with high familiarity (stronger memory) activated posterior cortices and a left frontal region.
  • Previously presented items activated the anterior cingulate cortex and a right prefrontal region associated with episodic retrieval mode.
  • Differential activation patterns suggest distinct retrieval strategies based on memory strength.

Conclusions:

  • Retrieval processes dynamically shift between semantic and episodic memory systems.
  • Early retrieval stages assess task demands, defaulting to semantic memory.
  • If semantic retrieval is insufficient, cognitive control engages episodic memory retrieval.