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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

Cucurbit[n]uril-polyoxoanion hybrids.

Xikui Fang1, Paul Kögerler, Lyle Isaacs

  • 1Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 31, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created novel organic-inorganic hybrid complexes using cyclodextrins (CB[n]) and polyoxometalates. These complexes exhibit excellent structural compatibility and allow for the synergistic coupling of distinct chemical and physical properties.

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Published on: July 17, 2020

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
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Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Published on: October 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Cyclodextrins (CB[n]) are cyclic oligosaccharides with a hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic exterior.
  • Polyoxometalates (POMs) are discrete, well-defined clusters of metal-oxygen polyhedra.
  • Hybrid materials offer unique properties by combining organic and inorganic components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first organic-inorganic hybrid complexes between cyclodextrins (CB[n]) and polyoxometalates.
  • To investigate the structural complementarity and property coupling in these novel hybrid systems.
  • To demonstrate the potential applications through specific examples.

Main Methods:

  • Supramolecular self-assembly techniques were employed for complex formation.
  • Advanced spectroscopic methods (e.g., NMR, UV-Vis) were used for characterization.
  • Crystallography was utilized to determine the precise structural arrangements.

Main Results:

  • The study reports the successful formation of unprecedented CB[n]-polyoxometalate hybrid complexes.
  • High structural complementarity was observed between the cyclodextrin and polyoxometalate units.
  • Coupling of chemical and physical properties was demonstrated, showcasing synergistic effects.

Conclusions:

  • The development of CB[n]-polyoxometalate hybrid complexes represents a significant advancement in supramolecular chemistry.
  • These hybrid materials offer a versatile platform for designing functional materials with tunable properties.
  • The findings open new avenues for exploring the integration of molecular recognition and redox-active inorganic clusters.