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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
09:01

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Published on: October 15, 2021

Intracerebral hemorrhage.

Lucas Elijovich1, Pratik V Patel, J Claude Hemphill

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.

Seminars in Neurology
|December 31, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe stroke type with high mortality. Research explores its causes, predictors, and potential treatments like surgical evacuation and blood pressure management.

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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
09:01

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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Stroke Medicine

Background:

  • Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10-15% of strokes, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • While hypertension is a primary cause, other factors include cerebral amyloid angiopathy, drug abuse, and vascular anomalies.
  • Predictors of poor outcomes include low Glasgow Coma Scale score, large hematoma volume, intraventricular hemorrhage, infratentorial location, and advanced age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes, outcomes, and treatment strategies.
  • To highlight recent advancements in clinical trials for ICH management.
  • To discuss emerging insights into the mechanisms of brain injury following ICH.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
  • Analysis of data from recent large clinical trials on surgical and medical interventions.
  • Examination of basic research into the pathophysiology of perihematoma injury.

Main Results:

  • Hematoma expansion is a common occurrence in ICH, irrespective of coagulopathy.
  • Perihematoma injury may result from blood and iron toxicity (neurohemoinflammation) rather than ischemia.
  • Clinical trials indicate feasibility of both surgical and medical treatments for ICH.

Conclusions:

  • Current ICH guidelines focus on blood pressure control, coagulopathy correction, and surgery for cerebellar bleeds.
  • Ongoing trials are evaluating surgical evacuation techniques and intensive blood pressure lowering.
  • Further research is crucial for developing effective treatments to improve ICH outcomes.