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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Halide-stabilized LiBH4, a room-temperature lithium fast-ion conductor.

Hideki Maekawa1, Motoaki Matsuo, Hitoshi Takamura

  • 1Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-02, Sendai 980-8579, Japan. maekawa@material.tohoku.ac.jp

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers enhanced solid-state lithium conductors for safer, high-energy batteries. Doping lithium borohydride (LiBH(4)) with lithium iodide stabilizes its superionic phase at room temperature, enabling advanced battery applications.

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-state Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-state lithium conductors are crucial for developing high-energy-density batteries and supercapacitors.
  • Current technologies face challenges with safety and capacity loss.
  • Lithium borohydride (LiBH(4)) exhibits high ionic conductivity but requires high temperatures for its superionic phase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To stabilize the superionic phase of LiBH(4) at lower temperatures.
  • To develop a novel solid-state electrolyte for advanced energy storage devices.
  • To overcome the limitations of high transition temperatures in LiBH(4)-based conductors.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical modification of LiBH(4) through doping with lithium halides.
  • X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for phase characterization.
  • Electrochemical measurements to evaluate ionic conductivity and interfacial properties.

Main Results:

  • Stabilization of the superionic phase of LiBH(4) below room temperature was achieved by doping with lithium iodide (LiI).
  • LiI-doped LiBH(4) exhibits high ionic conductivity at room temperature.
  • Demonstrated low polarization at the lithium metal electrode, indicating suitability for battery anodes.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical modification, specifically LiI doping, effectively lowers the transition temperature for the superionic phase in LiBH(4).
  • This room-temperature superionic conductor offers a lightweight and efficient electrolyte for high-energy-density batteries.
  • The findings present a new avenue for developing advanced solid ionic conductors beyond existing lithium-based materials.