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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Human regulatory CD8 T cells.

Vitaly Ablamunits1, Brygida C Bisikirska, Kevan C Herold

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. ablamunits@yale.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humanized anti-CD3 antibody therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) boosts C-peptide responses. This study reveals that CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate this effect through cytokine secretion, including CCL-4 and TNF.

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

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Published on: January 3, 2025

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic beta-cell destruction.
  • Humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has shown promise in T1D by improving C-peptide responses and altering T cell populations.
  • CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in immune suppression, but their precise mechanisms in T1D are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cytokines in the function of CD8(+) Tregs induced by anti-CD3 mAb.
  • To determine if CD8(+) Tregs suppress T cell proliferation via secreted factors.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and isolation of CD8(+) Tregs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after anti-CD3 mAb incubation.
  • Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for Treg purification.
  • Co-incubation of CD8(+) Tregs with CD8-depleted PBMC in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB).
  • Measurement of T cell proliferation and cytokine production.
  • Use of neutralizing anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to assess the contribution of specific cytokines.

Main Results:

  • CD8(+) Tregs demonstrated an inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation in vitro.
  • Neutralization of CCL-4 and TNF partially reversed the suppressive function of CD8(+) Tregs.
  • Neutralization of IL-2 showed a lesser effect on Treg-mediated suppression.

Conclusions:

  • CD8(+) Tregs play a role in immune regulation in the context of anti-CD3 mAb therapy for T1D.
  • The suppressive function of CD8(+) Tregs is, in part, mediated by the secretion of cytokines, notably CCL-4 and TNF.
  • These findings elucidate a potential mechanism for anti-CD3 mAb efficacy in T1D by highlighting the contribution of CD8(+) Treg-derived cytokines.