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Related Concept Videos

Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

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Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
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Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
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Law of Effect01:06

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B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
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Associative Learning01:27

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats
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Effect of bracket base conditioning.

Andreas Faltermeier1, Michael Behr

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany. Andreas.Faltermeier@klinik.uni-regensburg.de

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sandblasting and tribochemical treatment enhance stainless steel bracket bond strength. Combining sandblasting with a silane-coupling agent does not improve in-vitro bond strength, but tribochemical silicoation offers sufficient bonding for challenging cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Dental Materials

Background:

  • Improving the bond strength of orthodontic brackets is crucial for treatment success.
  • Surface treatments aim to enhance the adhesion between metal brackets and dental adhesives.
  • Simulating the oral environment is essential for accurate in-vitro testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of a silicoating system, sandblasting, and a silane-coupling agent on stainless steel bracket shear bond strength.
  • To evaluate the influence of these surface treatments on bracket-adhesive interface integrity.
  • To assess the impact of thermocycling on bond strength in a simulated oral environment.

Main Methods:

  • Four groups of stainless steel foil-mesh brackets were tested: sandblasted, sandblasted with silane-coupling agent, tribochemically treated, and control.
  • Brackets were bonded to extracted third molars using a light-curing adhesive.
  • Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index were measured after thermocycling (6000 cycles, 5-55°C).

Main Results:

  • Sandblasting and tribochemical treatment significantly improved the shear bond strength of stainless steel brackets.
  • The combination of sandblasting and silane-coupling agent did not yield a greater in-vitro bond strength compared to sandblasting alone.
  • Thermocycling simulated oral conditions and was applied before bond strength testing.

Conclusions:

  • Tribochemical silicoation provides a robust bond between adhesive and metal brackets, suitable for challenging clinical situations.
  • This surface treatment is particularly indicated for patients with low compliance or teeth that are difficult to bond.
  • Further research may explore long-term clinical outcomes of tribochemically treated brackets.