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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Node Analysis for AC Circuits01:14

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Analysis of Gene Function and Visualization of Cilia-Generated Fluid Flow in Kupffer's Vesicle
08:11

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Published on: March 31, 2013

The active and passive ciliary motion in the embryo node: a computational fluid dynamics model.

Duanduan Chen1, Dominic Norris, Yiannis Ventikos

  • 1Fluidics and Biocomplexity Group & Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.

Journal of Biomechanics
|January 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The node

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Published on: November 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Left-right symmetry breaking in mammalian embryos is crucial for organ development.
  • This process is thought to involve fluid flow generated by cilia within the embryonic node.
  • The two-cilia hypothesis suggests motile and sensory cilia cooperate in this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism by which sensory cilia respond to fluid flow generated by motile cilia.
  • To computationally model the interaction between active (motile) and passive (sensory) cilia in the embryonic node.

Main Methods:

  • Computational modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
  • Deformable mesh techniques and fluid-structure interaction analysis.
  • Solving three-dimensional unsteady transport equations to simulate cilia movement and fluid dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Clockwise rotation of an active cilium generates a counter-clockwise elliptical rotation and lateral displacement of a neighboring passive cilium.
  • The induced motion of the passive cilium is measurable and follows a consistent pattern.
  • The computational model quantifies the passive cilium's response to the flow generated by the active cilium.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides computational support for the two-cilia hypothesis.
  • The findings help elucidate the mechanism of sensory cilia response to fluid flow in embryonic symmetry breaking.
  • This work quantifies the physical interactions underlying a key developmental process.