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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

Published on: September 18, 2020

Balance measures for discriminating between functionally unstable and stable ankles.

Scott E Ross¹, Kevin M Guskiewicz, Michael T Gross

¹Department of Health and Human Performance, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2020, USA. seross@vcu.edu

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

|January 8, 2009

Summary

Medial-lateral ground reaction force (GRF) standard deviation and anterior-posterior time to stabilization are key force plate measures. These accurately distinguish functional ankle instability (FAI) from stable ankles.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Sports Medicine
Orthopedics

Background:

Functional ankle instability (FAI) is a common condition affecting athletes and the general population.
FAI can lead to recurrent ankle sprains, pain, and reduced physical activity.
Objective assessment of FAI is crucial for effective management and rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify specific force plate measures that can differentiate between individuals with and without functional ankle instability.
To determine the most accurate force plate measure for distinguishing between these two groups.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 22 subjects with FAI and 22 healthy controls performed static and dynamic balance tests using force plates.
Measures analyzed included ground reaction force (GRF) standard deviation, center-of-pressure (COP) parameters (SD, excursion, velocity, area), and time to stabilization.
Stepwise discriminant function analysis was employed to assess group differences and measure accuracy.

Main Results:

Several force plate measures were significantly greater in the FAI group compared to the stable group, indicating poorer balance.
Medial-lateral GRF standard deviation and anterior-posterior time to stabilization demonstrated the highest accuracy scores (0.73 and 0.72, respectively) in discriminating between the groups.
These findings highlight specific quantitative markers for assessing balance deficits in FAI.

Conclusions:

Medial-lateral GRF standard deviation and anterior-posterior time to stabilization are the most accurate force plate measures for discriminating between functional ankle instability and stable ankles.
These validated measures can be utilized in clinical and research settings to evaluate static and dynamic balance deficits associated with FAI.
This study provides evidence-based tools for the objective assessment of ankle instability.