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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Measured long-range repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces.

J N Munday1, Federico Capasso, V Adrian Parsegian

  • 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

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|January 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrated repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces, changing interactions from attractive to repulsive between materials. This discovery opens possibilities for quantum levitation and novel nanoscale devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Quantum fluctuations generate intermolecular forces, including van der Waals forces at short distances.
  • At larger separations, these forces exhibit retardation effects due to the finite speed of light, as described by Casimir, Polder, and Lifshitz theories.
  • Previously, only attractive Casimir-Lifshitz forces had been experimentally measured between material bodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate the possibility of repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces.
  • To investigate the influence of material choice and immersion fluid on the sign and magnitude of these forces.
  • To explore potential applications of tunable Casimir-Lifshitz forces.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of forces between macroscopic bodies immersed in a fluid.
  • Systematic variation of interacting materials and surface separations.
  • Comparison of experimental results with theoretical predictions of Casimir-Lifshitz interactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces by selecting appropriate interacting materials.
  • Observed that repulsive forces are weaker than attractive forces for similar separations.
  • Confirmed that the magnitude of both attractive and repulsive forces increases as surface separation decreases.

Conclusions:

  • The sign of Casimir-Lifshitz forces can be controlled, enabling repulsive interactions.
  • Repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces offer potential for quantum levitation in fluids.
  • This work paves the way for switchable nanoscale devices with ultra-low static friction.