Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
First Impression01:09

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Correspondence Bias01:17

Correspondence Bias

Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the prevalence of...
Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Living with Dravet syndrome: quality of life and caregiver burden among family caregivers in Europe. Results from the QoL4DRAVET study.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same author

Age-related differences in processing unconventional text formats.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Digital Cognitive Twins in mental health.

Nature. Mental health·2026
Same author

An Eye-Tracking Study on Text Accessibility and Comprehension in University Students.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Subtitle Engagement Varies with Audio-Subtitle Language-Script Pairing: Evidence from Hindi-English Bilinguals with an English-Medium Instruction Background.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Visual attention in bilingual instructional videos: effects of audiovisual congruency and subtitle language.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

Transposed-letter priming effects for close versus distant transpositions.

Manuel Perea1, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia, Manuel Carreiras

  • 1Departamento de Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain. mperea@valencia.edu

Experimental Psychology
|January 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Transposing adjacent letters in a word has a stronger effect on visual word recognition than transposing nonadjacent letters. This finding clarifies how letter position is encoded during reading.

More Related Videos

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
11:09

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Transposing internal letters of a word can result in a perceptually similar item, a phenomenon known as transposed-letter effect.
  • Understanding the encoding of letter position is crucial for models of visual-word recognition.
  • Previous research has explored transposed-letter effects, but the precise influence of intervening letters requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the precise nature of letter position encoding within words.
  • To examine the effect of the number of intervening letters on transposed-letter effects.
  • To compare the magnitude of transposed-letter priming for adjacent versus nonadjacent letter transpositions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a masked priming procedure to assess transposed-letter effects.
  • Experiment 1 compared priming effects for adjacent transpositions (e.g., chocloate-CHOCOLATE) and nonadjacent transpositions with two intervening letters (e.g., choaolcte-CHOCOLATE).
  • Experiment 2 included a nonadjacent transposition condition with one intervening letter (e.g., cholocate-CHOCOLATE) and compared it with the previous conditions.

Main Results:

  • The transposed-letter priming effect was significantly greater for adjacent letter transpositions compared to nonadjacent transpositions.
  • No significant difference was found in the priming effect size between nonadjacent transpositions involving one or two intervening letters.
  • Transposed-letter priming effects were consistently smaller for nonadjacent transpositions than for adjacent transpositions.

Conclusions:

  • Letter position encoding in visual-word recognition is sensitive to the adjacency of transposed letters.
  • The findings suggest that models of visual-word recognition should account for the differential impact of adjacent versus nonadjacent letter transpositions.
  • The number of intervening letters in nonadjacent transpositions has a less pronounced effect than the adjacency of the transposed letters themselves.