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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...

Large Intestine

Large Intestine

The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...

Feces Formation and Defecation

Feces Formation and Defecation

After spending 3 to 10 hours in the large intestine, chyme loses a lot of water and becomes feces, the final product of digestion. Feces consist of undigested dietary fiber such as cellulose, mucus, sloughed-off epithelial cells, and microbes. The descending and sigmoid colon stores feces and uses haustral contractions to dry it out but retains enough water to give it a semi-solid texture.
The mass peristalsis then pushes the feces into the rectum, which stretches the rectal walls to activate...

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development describes the anal stage as occurring between 18 months and three years of age. During this period, children derive pleasure from controlling and releasing their bowel movements. However, they quickly learn that societal expectations impose restrictions on when and where this can happen. This stage marks a critical point where children begin to develop a sense of control and mastery over their bodily functions, as well as their broader...

Histology of the Large Intestine

Histology of the Large Intestine

The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
The innermost mucosa layer comprises simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. This layer is primarily populated with absorptive cells, tasked with water absorption, and goblet cells, responsible for secreting mucus to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision

Published on: June 13, 2025

[Anal fissure].

Guillaume Bouguen¹, Marianne Eléouet, Charlotte Favreau

¹Service des maladies de l'appareil digestif CHU Rennes, hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France.

La Revue Du Praticien

|January 16, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic anal fissures, painful ulcers caused by sphincter issues, may be treated with topical nitrates when standard therapies fail. This offers a non-surgical option for patients experiencing persistent pain and bleeding.

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Creation of Colonic Anastomosis in Mice

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Creation of Colonic Anastomosis in Mice

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Published on: January 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Colorectal Surgery

Context:

Chronic anal fissure is a common anorectal condition characterized by an ischemic ulcer.
It is frequently associated with a hypertonic internal anal sphincter.
The primary patient complaints include pain and bleeding.

Purpose:

To explore topical nitrates as a treatment for chronic anal fissure.
To evaluate their efficacy as an alternative to surgery when conventional treatments are unsuccessful.

Summary:

Treatment for chronic anal fissure typically involves laxatives, analgesics, and ointments.
Topical nitrates are presented as a potential therapeutic option.
This approach is considered when non-specific treatments have failed to yield positive outcomes.

Impact:

Topical nitrates offer a promising, less invasive alternative for managing chronic anal fissures.
This could reduce the need for surgical intervention in refractory cases.
Improved patient outcomes and quality of life are anticipated.