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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns
09:42

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Local origin of field potentials in visual cortex.

Steffen Katzner1, Ian Nauhaus, Andrea Benucci

  • 1Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.

Neuron
|January 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local field potential (LFP) signals, used to measure neural activity, are more localized than previously thought. Our study shows over 95% of LFP signals originate within 250 micrometers of the electrode.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Local field potentials (LFPs) are widely utilized to assess aggregate neural activity in specific brain regions.
  • Existing estimations of the LFP's spatial extent are highly variable, ranging from hundreds of microns to millimeters.
  • Accurate determination of the LFP's recording volume is crucial for interpreting experimental results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the spatial extent of the local field potential (LFP) signal.
  • To reconcile disparate estimates of LFP recording volume.
  • To provide a quantitative basis for interpreting LFP data.

Main Methods:

  • Combined multielectrode recordings with optical imaging techniques.
  • Measured orientation selectivity of stimulus-evoked LFP signals in the primary visual cortex.
  • Correlated LFP signal properties with the surrounding map of orientation preference.

Main Results:

  • Determined that over 95% of the LFP signal originates within 250 micrometers of the recording electrode.
  • Demonstrated that LFP orientation selectivity can be predicted from the local orientation preference map.
  • Provided a precise quantitative estimate of the LFP's spatial origin.

Conclusions:

  • The spatial extent of the LFP signal is more localized than commonly assumed.
  • This finding refines our understanding of LFP recordings and their interpretation.
  • Offers guidance for researchers using LFP data in neuroscience studies.