Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 26, 2026
05:35
A Point-of-Care Method with Integrated Decision Support Tool to Estimate Anemia at Population Level
Published on: January 19, 2024
An optimization model for reducing typhoid cases in developing countries without increasing public spending
Donald T Lauria1, Brian Maskery, Christine Poulos
1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. lauria@email.unc.edu
Vaccine
|January 17, 2009
Summary
Implementing Vi polysaccharide vaccines in developing nations can reduce typhoid cases and healthcare costs. Optimal pricing strategies, including differential pricing for children and adults, maximize averted cases within budget constraints.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Health Economics
- Vaccinology
Background:
- Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern in developing countries.
- The Vi polysaccharide vaccine offers a potential intervention to reduce disease burden and associated healthcare expenditures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the investment case for Vi polysaccharide vaccination in developing countries.
- To analyze the impact of different vaccination pricing strategies on typhoid incidence and healthcare spending.
Main Methods:
- Utilized consumer demand functions from household surveys in South and Southeast Asia.
- Developed a mathematical model incorporating typhoid incidence, vaccine effectiveness, and cost data.
- Evaluated three mass vaccination policy alternatives: differential pricing, uniform pricing, and free vaccines.
- Employed Monte Carlo simulation to assess parameter uncertainty.
Main Results:
- Differential pricing for children and adults can maximize typhoid cases averted under budget constraints.
- Uniform pricing yields similar results and may offer better community acceptance.
- Free vaccination requires substantial external funding with comparable case reduction to priced strategies.
Conclusions:
- Vaccination pricing strategies significantly influence the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of typhoid prevention programs.
- Policy decisions should consider both economic efficiency and social acceptability.
- External funding is crucial for widespread vaccine access if offered free of charge.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System
At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is limited...
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is limited...
01:28Methods of Medium Optimization
Optimizing growth media enhances microbial proliferation and maximizes product yield. Statistical experimental design methodologies provide structured and reproducible approaches, offering progressively higher levels of robustness and efficiency.The One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) MethodThe One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) method involves adjusting a single variable while keeping all others constant. However, it cannot detect interactions between variables, often leading to suboptimal outcomes when...
01:21Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections
Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
01:01Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters
It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
01:25Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses
A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
01:22Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...