Novel determinants of epithelial sodium channel gating within extracellular thumb domains

Activity of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is modulated by Na(+) self-inhibition, an allosteric down-regulation of channel open probability by extracellular Na(+). We searched for determinants of Na(+) self-inhibition by analyzing changes in this inhibitory response resulting from specific mutations within the extracellular domains of mouse ENaC subunits. Mutations at gammaMet(438) altered the Na(+) self-inhibition response in a substitution-specific manner. Fourteen substitutions (Ala, Arg, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Ile, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Val) significantly suppressed Na(+) self-inhibition, whereas three mutations (Asn, Gly, and Leu) moderately enhanced the inhibition. Met to Lys mutation did not alter Na(+) self-inhibition. Mutations at the homologous site in the alpha subunit (G481A, G481C, and G481M) dramatically increased the magnitude and speed of Na(+) self-inhibition. Mutations at the homologous betaAla(422) resulted in minimal or no change in Na(+) self-inhibition. Low, high, and intermediate open probabilities were observed in oocytes expressing alphaG481Mbetagamma, alphabetagammaM438V, and alphaG481M/betagammaM438V, respectively. This pair of residues map to thealpha5 helix in the extracellular thumb domain in the chicken acid sensing ion channel 1 structure. Both residues likely reside near the channel surface because both alphaG481Cbetagamma and alphabetagammaM438C channels were inhibited by an externally applied and membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl reagent. Our results demonstrate that alphaGly(481) and gammaMet(438) are functional determinants of Na(+) self-inhibition and of ENaC gating and suggest that the thumb domain contributes to the channel gating machinery.