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Related Concept Videos

Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
10:36

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

Probiotics and immunity.

Andrea T Borchers1, Carlo Selmi, Frederick J Meyers

  • 1Department of Nutrition, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.

Journal of Gastroenterology
|January 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Probiotics, live microorganisms conferring health benefits, modulate immune functions beyond gut balance. Research shows strain-specific effects in animal models for inflammatory and allergic conditions, with promising but variable human trial results.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Probiotics are live microorganisms conferring health benefits.
  • Their benefits extend beyond gut microbial balance to immune modulation.
  • Strain-specific immune effects are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics.
  • To explore their potential in inflammatory and allergic diseases.
  • To assess current evidence for clinical efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal models for colitis, allergen sensitization, asthma, and allergic rhinitis.
  • Analysis of studies on probiotic effects on cytokines and IgE production.
  • Examination of human clinical trial data for inflammatory bowel disease and atopic eczema.

Main Results:

  • Probiotics demonstrate strain-specific protection against colitis in animal models by modulating inflammatory cytokines.
  • Oral probiotics reduce allergen-specific IgE and airway hyperresponsiveness in murine models.
  • Human trials show promise for inflammatory bowel disease and atopic eczema, but results are variable.

Conclusions:

  • Probiotics possess immunomodulatory capabilities with potential therapeutic applications.
  • Strain specificity is crucial for probiotic efficacy in immune-related conditions.
  • Further research is needed to establish definitive clinical effectiveness in humans due to variable findings.