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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Urethra01:16

Urethra

The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male urethra is...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
10:19

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex.

Michael Ludwig1, Bonnie Ching, Heiko Reutter

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn D-53105, Germany. mludwig@uni-bonn.de

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
|January 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) is a rare birth defect affecting the abdominal wall and urinary tract. Its exact cause remains unknown, but research suggests a strong genetic predisposition is involved.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
10:19

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • The bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by defects of the anterior abdominal wall, pelvis, urinary tract, and genitalia.
  • Most cases are non-syndromic, and the underlying etiology is poorly understood.
  • BEEC presents a spectrum of malformations with variable clinical expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC).
  • To consolidate knowledge on its historical context, epidemiology, developmental mechanisms, and genetic and environmental factors.
  • To highlight the need for further research into the genetic basis of BEEC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical data, epidemiological studies, and research on developmental mechanisms.
  • Analysis of existing animal models for BEEC.
  • Examination of implicated genetic and environmental components.

Main Results:

  • BEEC is a multifactorial disorder with a complex presentation.
  • Evidence suggests a significant genetic predisposition, although specific genes are yet to be identified.
  • Environmental factors may also play a role in the development of BEEC.

Conclusions:

  • The etiology of BEEC is multifactorial, involving a strong, yet undefined, genetic component.
  • Further research is crucial to decipher the genetic underpinnings of BEEC.
  • Understanding the genetic basis will aid in diagnosis, management, and potential prevention strategies.