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Related Concept Videos

Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake: tortoise or hare?

Brian O'Rourke1, Lothar A Blatter

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Institute of Molecular Cardiobiology, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA. bor@jhmi.edu

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
|January 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria play a crucial role in heart function by regulating calcium (Ca2+) levels, impacting both cellular energy production and the heart

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Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators (GECIs)
07:46

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators (GECIs)

Published on: January 22, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators (GECIs)
07:46

Imaging Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake in Astrocytes and Neurons using Genetically Encoded Ca2+ Indicators (GECIs)

Published on: January 22, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiac Physiology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Mitochondria actively manage intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels through uptake and extrusion mechanisms.
  • Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is intrinsically linked to ATP production, a key aspect of cardiac energy metabolism.
  • Understanding mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics is vital for cardiac physiology and pathophysiology research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in cardiac function.
  • To investigate how mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering influences cytosolic Ca2+ levels and excitation-contraction coupling.
  • To examine the impact of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis on cardiac energy metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport kinetics.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding rapid mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake during excitation-contraction coupling.
  • Discussion of experimental approaches to study mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering capacity.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria possess significant Ca2+ storage capacity and are involved in Ca2+ transport.
  • Key metabolic pathways, including ATP production, are modulated by Ca2+.
  • The precise kinetics and physiological relevance of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake during cardiac cycles remain areas of active investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling is a critical determinant of cardiac function.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and implications of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in the heart.
  • Investigating mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics offers promising avenues for understanding and treating cardiac diseases.