Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Endothelial Elavl1 Is Required for CD8 T-Cell Persistence in Atherosclerosis.

Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology·2026
Same author

Endothelial PTBP1 Deletion in Transplanted Cardiac Tissue Limits Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Metabolic regulation of Th9 cell differentiation: insights for IL-9-driven diseases.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

CFTR dictates monocyte adhesion by facilitating integrin clustering but not activation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Nanoscopy reveals integrin clustering reliant on kindlin-3 but not talin-1.

Cell communication and signaling : CCS·2025
Same author

Regulation of human Th9 cell differentiation by lipid modulators targeting PPAR-γ and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase 1.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

Understanding how lipopolysaccharide impacts CD4 T-cell immunity.

Jeremy P McAleer1, Anthony T Vella

  • 1Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.

Critical Reviews in Immunology
|January 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial component, powerfully enhances CD4 T-cell immune responses by stimulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Research into LPS adjuvant activity and toxicity aids in designing safer, next-generation vaccines.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
06:03

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
06:03

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key component of gram-negative bacteria, acting as a potent adjuvant.
  • LPS activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inducing cytokine release and costimulatory molecule expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
  • This stimulation promotes CD4 T-cell expansion, survival, and differentiation, notably favoring Th1 responses, but also capable of inducing other T-helper subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted effects of LPS on CD4 T-cell immunity.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which LPS influences immune responses in vivo.
  • To investigate the relationship between LPS adjuvant activity, toxicity, and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of molecular analyses and in vivo studies on LPS-driven immune responses.
  • Examination of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of research on partial TLR4 agonists and their implications for vaccine design.

Main Results:

  • LPS significantly enhances CD4 T-cell responses, promoting clonal expansion and long-term survival.
  • LPS can induce Th1-biased responses but also supports differentiation into other T-helper lineages.
  • The adjuvant properties of LPS are linked to toxicity, but partial agonists like monophosphoryl lipid A show separable immunogenicity and toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • LPS is a powerful immune adjuvant with pleiotropic effects on CD4 T-cell subsets.
  • Understanding LPS-TLR4 interactions is crucial for harnessing its adjuvant potential while mitigating toxicity.
  • LPS research has significantly informed vaccine design, with future directions focusing on balancing T-cell subset responses for next-generation vaccines.