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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

Published on: February 16, 2022

Extruding stapes prosthesis

Eric P Wilkinson¹, John W House

¹House Ear Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal

|January 28, 2009

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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