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Updated: Jun 26, 2026
Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
Published on: December 23, 2022
Contrast transcranial Doppler can diagnose large patent foramen ovale
Kazuto Kobayashi1, Yasuyuki Iguchi, Kazumi Kimura
1Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Japan. k.koba@hotmail.co.jp
Background:
Contrast transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE) and contrast transcranial Doppler (c-TCD) are useful diagnostic tools for detecting right-to-left shunts (RLS). However, the diagnostic accuracy of c-TCD for patent foramen ovale (PFO) remains uncertain. We investigated the relationship between the size of PFO determined by c-TEE and c-TCD findings and assessed the detectable rate of RLS by c-TCD.
Methods:
We assessed RLS three times using simultaneous c-TCD and c-TEE in 107 patients (321 examinations). We classified all of ultrasound examinations into three groups by size according to microbubbles on c-TEE, such as no PFO (0 microbubble), small PFO (1-29 microbubbles) and large PFO (>or=30 microbubbles). We also calculated the number of microembolic signals (MES) on c-TCD and evaluated the association between PFO size on c-TEE and MES count on c-TCD.
Results:
In the present study, c-TEE detected RLS in 105 (33%; small PFO, n = 78; large PFO, n = 27), and c-TCD detected RLS in 49 (15%) of 321 examinations. Among 78 examinations with small PFO, MES were found in only 19 (24%) on c-TCD. In contrast, of all 27 examinations with large PFO, MES were found on c-TCD. Also, c-TCD were able to detect MES in 3 of 216 examinations among the no-PFO group. When >or=2 MES on c-TCD was established as the cutoff to predict large PFO on c-TEE, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 96.3, 96.8, and 96.9%, respectively.
Conclusion:
When two or more MES were determined by c-TCD, large PFO could be accurately diagnosed.
