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Related Concept Videos

Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose
13:04

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

Published on: October 14, 2015

[Does hormonal contraception increase the risk for tumors?].

Wilhelm Braendle1, Herbert Kuhl, Alfred Mueck

  • 1Poliklinik für gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Reproduktionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf. wilhelm.braendle@googlemail.de

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|January 31, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) offer non-contraceptive benefits, including reduced risks for benign and malignant tumors like breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancers. They also alleviate endometriosis symptoms like dysmenorrhea.

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An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
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An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

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In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose
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In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

Published on: October 14, 2015

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
12:31

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) are widely used for their contraceptive effects.
  • Emerging evidence suggests significant non-contraceptive health benefits associated with OC use.

Purpose:

  • To comprehensively review the non-contraceptive benefits of oral hormonal contraceptives, focusing on their impact on various benign and malignant tumors.
  • To evaluate the association between OC use and conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids, and specific cancer types.

Summary:

  • OC use is linked to a diminished risk of benign breast tumors, uterine fibroids, and ovarian cysts.
  • While not directly improving endometriosis, OC effectively decrease associated dysmenorrhea.
  • Modern low-dose OCs do not elevate risks for liver adenomas/carcinomas or melanoma.
  • Current data indicate no increased risk for breast carcinoma in OC users; long-term use correlates with decreased endometrial and colorectal carcinoma risks.
  • OCs do not directly influence cervical cancer but may indirectly impact it via behavioral changes. No increased risk for vulvar or vaginal carcinoma is observed.

Impact:

  • Highlights the multifaceted health advantages of oral contraceptives beyond contraception.
  • Provides crucial information for healthcare providers and patients regarding the oncological and gynecological implications of OC use.
  • Supports informed decision-making for individuals considering or currently using oral hormonal contraceptives.