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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Cardiac imaging studies encompass a wide range of noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques designed to visualize the heart's structure and function in detail. One such technique is echocardiography, which uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to produce detailed images of the heart, known as echocardiograms.
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Motion in cardiovascular MR imaging.

Andrew D Scott1, Jennifer Keegan, David N Firmin

  • 1Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, the Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England. A.Scott07@impenial.ac.uk

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac MRI is widely used but motion artifacts degrade images. This review details cardiac and respiratory motion, and methods to reduce these artifacts for clearer cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Rapid magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have increased cardiac imaging applications.
  • Involuntary cardiac and respiratory motion during MR acquisition causes significant image degradation and artifacts.
  • Understanding and mitigating these motion artifacts is crucial for accurate cardiac MR studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the types and extent of cardiac and respiratory motion affecting cardiac MR imaging.
  • To discuss existing and novel techniques for reducing motion-induced artifacts in cardiac MR.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of motion artifact reduction strategies in cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on cardiac and respiratory motion in MR imaging.
  • Categorization of motion artifact sources (cardiac cycle, respiratory cycle).
  • Description of artifact reduction techniques, including gating, tracking, and novel approaches.

Main Results:

  • Cardiac and respiratory cycles cause distinct types and degrees of heart motion.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) gating, subject-specific acquisition windows, and section tracking address cardiac motion.
  • Breath holding, respiratory gating, section tracking, and advanced models mitigate respiratory motion.

Conclusions:

  • Motion artifacts remain a significant challenge in cardiac MR imaging.
  • A variety of techniques exist to minimize cardiac and respiratory motion artifacts.
  • Continued development of motion correction strategies is essential for optimizing cardiac MR diagnostic quality.