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Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
05:42

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

Published on: January 7, 2019

The ketogenic diet: additional information from a crossover study.

John M Freeman1

  • 1Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. jfreeman@jhmi.edu

Journal of Child Neurology
|February 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ketogenic diet effectively reduces drop seizures in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Adding glucose to negate ketosis did not significantly alter EEG events but decreased reported seizures, confirming the diet

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Epilepsy Research
  • Dietary Interventions

Background:

  • Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe form of childhood epilepsy.
  • The ketogenic diet is a recognized treatment for refractory epilepsy.
  • The mechanism of the ketogenic diet's effectiveness requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if the ketogenic diet's efficacy in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is due to placebo or parental factors.
  • To investigate the impact of negating ketosis on seizure frequency.
  • To confirm the long-term effectiveness of the ketogenic diet.

Main Methods:

  • Blinded, crossover study design.
  • Addition of 60g glucose daily to induce ketosis.
  • Assessment of electroencephalography (EEG) events and parent-reported seizures.
  • Evaluation at 12 days, 6 months, and 12 months.

Main Results:

  • Additional glucose did not significantly alter EEG-assessed events.
  • Parent-reported "drop" seizures decreased (P = .07) with added glucose.
  • Fasting significantly impacted both seizure frequency and EEG events.
  • The ketogenic diet demonstrated sustained effectiveness in reducing Lennox-Gastaut syndrome seizures over 12 months.

Conclusions:

  • The ketogenic diet's effectiveness in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is not solely a placebo or expectation effect.
  • The diet remains a viable and effective long-term treatment for reducing drop seizures.
  • Further research into the ketogenic diet's mechanisms in epilepsy is warranted.