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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Does implicit memory during anaesthesia persist in children?

U Lopez1, W Habre, M Laurençon

  • 1Division of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Geneva, rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneve 14, Switzerland. ursula.lopez@hcuge.ch

British Journal of Anaesthesia
|February 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study found no evidence of implicit memory in children under general anesthesia using a perceptual memory test. This contrasts with adult studies, suggesting differences in how children process memory during anesthesia.

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Published on: January 13, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Implicit memory, particularly perceptual implicit memory, is thought to persist during general anesthesia in adults.
  • Previous studies in children have not demonstrated implicit memory during general anesthesia, possibly due to methodological variations.
  • This study aimed to investigate implicit memory in children under general anesthesia using a validated perceptual memory test.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the presence of implicit memory in children aged 8-12 years undergoing general anesthesia.
  • To utilize a perceptual memory test based on the mere exposure effect to assess implicit memory.
  • To compare findings in children with existing data from adult studies.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 36 children (8-12 years) undergoing surgery.
  • Infrequent neutral words were presented auditorily during isoflurane-maintained general anesthesia.
  • Implicit memory was assessed using a forced-choice preference task within 36 hours, employing time constraints and low-pass filtering to prevent intentional retrieval.

Main Results:

  • The children's performance on the memory test was comparable to chance levels.
  • The mean implicit memory score was 0.48 (SD 0.16), with a 95% confidence interval of 0.43-0.53.
  • No statistically significant evidence of implicit memory was detected.

Conclusions:

  • The perceptual implicit memory test, based on the mere exposure procedure, did not reveal evidence of implicit memory in children under general anesthesia.
  • Findings suggest potential differences in implicit memory processing during general anesthesia between children and adults.
  • Further research may be needed to explore factors influencing implicit memory in pediatric anesthesia.