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Aspect diversity in moths revisited.

Robert E Ricklefs1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA. ricklefs@umsl.edu

The American Naturalist
|February 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Moth appearance diversity did not increase with species richness in tropical regions, challenging the idea that predator selection drives this pattern. Further analysis found no link between appearance diversity and latitude.

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Zoology

Background:

  • Predation can drive the evolution of diverse defensive strategies in prey.
  • Frequency-dependent selection, specifically apostatic selection, is hypothesized to increase prey appearance diversity in species-rich communities.
  • Ricklefs and O'Rourke previously suggested that greater moth appearance diversity in Panama was linked to higher species richness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the relationship between species richness and appearance diversity in moths.
  • To test whether frequency-dependent selection explains variation in moth cryptic strategies across latitudes.
  • To investigate the influence of ecological factors on the evolution of moth appearance.

Main Methods:

  • Collected and analyzed moth samples from various locations in North and South America.

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  • Quantified appearance diversity using two measures of "aspect space" volume.
  • Compared appearance diversity and species richness across different latitudinal gradients (temperate vs. tropical).

    • Main Results:

    • The study failed to replicate Ricklefs and O'Rourke's original findings.
    • No significant relationship was found between the volume of aspect space and the number of species per sample.
    • Appearance diversity did not differ between temperate and tropical moth assemblages.

    Conclusions:

    • Frequency-dependent selection may not be a primary driver of moth appearance diversity.
    • Latitudinal variation in appearance diversity might be limited by constraints on resting backgrounds or cryptic strategies.
    • The role of apostatic selection in shaping insect appearance requires further investigation across diverse ecological contexts.