Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs01:20

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Completely Randomized and Randomized Block Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs are crucial methodologies used in evaluating and comparing the bioavailability of different drug products. These designs are categorized into various types: completely randomized, randomized block, repeated measures, cross and carry-over, and Latin square designs.Completely randomized designs involve randomly allocating treatments to all subjects participating in the experiment. This allocation is achieved by assigning unique random numbers to subjects...
Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A plain language summary on clinical and mechanistic effects of cladribine in relapsing multiple sclerosis: 2-year results from the MAGNIFY-MS study.

Neurodegenerative disease management·2026
Same author

Digital Color Vision Testing Reveals Widespread Cone Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis Independent of Optic Neuritis.

European neurology·2025
Same author

Clinical and mechanistic effects of cladribine in relapsing multiple sclerosis: 2-year results from the MAGNIFY-MS Study.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders·2025
Same author

Summary of Research: Blood Biomarker Dynamics in People with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Cladribine Tablets: Results of the 2-Year MAGNIFY-MS Study.

Neurology and therapy·2025
Same author

Corrigendum: Blood biomarker dynamics in people with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with cladribine tablets: results of the 2-year MAGNIFY-MS study.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

Development of an interactive biosensing application for assessing finger dexterity.

Digital health·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (Propensity Score) using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (Propensity Score) using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

Lessons from randomised direct comparative trials.

Anat Achiron1, Sten Fredrikson

  • 1Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. achirona@gmail.com

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|February 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct comparative trials show glatiramer acetate and high-dose interferon-beta have comparable efficacy for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis treatment. These findings aid informed treatment choices for patients with this condition.

More Related Videos

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
08:36

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups
14:14

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups

Published on: May 13, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (Propensity Score) using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (Propensity Score) using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
08:36

The Adjuvant Efficacy of Angong Niuhuang Pill in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Published on: April 19, 2024

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups
14:14

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups

Published on: May 13, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Limited direct comparative data existed for immunomodulatory therapies in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
  • Perceived higher efficacy of interferon-beta (IFNβ) over glatiramer acetate (GA) was based on early MRI data, not direct clinical comparisons.
  • Four immunomodulatory therapies have been available for RRMS for over a decade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy and safety of glatiramer acetate (GA) with high-dose interferon-beta (IFNβ) in RRMS.
  • To provide direct comparative data to aid clinical decision-making in RRMS treatment selection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of three randomized clinical trials: REGARD, BEYOND, and BECOME.
  • REGARD: 764 patients randomized to IFNβ-1a (44 mcg) or GA for 96 weeks.
  • BEYOND: 2,244 patients randomized to IFNβ-1b (500 mcg or 250 mcg) or GA for two years.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in time to first relapse between GA and IFNβ-1a in the REGARD trial.
  • Hazard ratios for multiple relapses were near unity across all treatment arms in the BEYOND trial, indicating equivalent efficacy.
  • Relapse rates in all comparative studies were lower than anticipated and historical data, with no unexpected safety issues identified.

Conclusions:

  • Glatiramer acetate and high-dose interferon-beta preparations demonstrate comparable clinical efficacy in treating RRMS.
  • These direct comparative studies provide robust evidence to support informed treatment choices for physicians and patients.
  • The findings challenge previous perceptions and offer a clearer understanding of treatment options for RRMS.