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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Digital Color Vision Testing Reveals Widespread Cone Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis Independent of Optic Neuritis.

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Color vision deficiency (CVD) is common in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients, even without optic neuritis (ON). This suggests widespread, subclinical optic pathway damage in MS patients.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) can affect the optic pathways.
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is a known complication, but subclinical damage is less understood.
  • Color vision deficiency (CVD) may indicate optic pathway dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate CVD prevalence and patterns in RRMS patients.
  • Determine if CVD can serve as a marker for subclinical optic pathway damage.
  • Compare CVD in eyes with and without a history of ON.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed color vision in 345 RRMS patients using the Waggoner Computerized Color Vision Test.
  • Screened for protan, deutan, tritan, and composite CVD, grading severity.
  • Analyzed differences using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for clinical factors.

Main Results:

  • CVD found in 76.0% of ON-affected eyes, 65.1% of fellow eyes, and 62.3% of eyes without ON history.
  • ON-affected eyes had higher odds of severe CVD; fellow eyes had higher odds of moderate CVD.
  • Composite CVD was most frequent (57.7%); tritan deficiency was the most common pure type (39.9%).

Conclusions:

  • CVD is highly prevalent in RRMS, irrespective of clinical ON history.
  • Findings indicate diffuse, subclinical optic pathway damage in MS.
  • CVD assessment may help identify subclinical dysfunction in MS.